Technically, as a distinct classification[citation needed], it refers to battles where the targets themselves are in space. The payload was a kinetic kill vehicle (KKV) that collided with a non-operational Chinese weather satellite, the Fengyun-1C (FY-1C), at an altitude of 863 km (534 mi), completely destroying the satellite. —James smiTh mcdonnell Founder, McDonnell Aircraft Corporation S pace is a contested, congested, and competitive domain. He warns that today countries depend so much on their satellites that “cripple our satellites and you cripple us”. In 2007 the People's Republic of China used a missile system to destroy one of its obsolete satellites (see 2007 Chinese anti-satellite missile test), in 2008 the United States similarly destroyed its malfunctioning satellite USA 193, and in 2019, India followed China and the U.S. by destroying a live satellite. [1] Work then began on the Sentinel Program which used anti-ballistic missiles (ABM) to shoot down incoming ICBMs. How to transfigure the Wikipedia . Several space events planned well in advance have proceeded amidst the COVID-19 pandemic without much attention. Currently, over fifty nations own or operate the nearly two-thousand functional satellites in orbit. This system would approach North America over the South Pole, thereby striking targets from the opposite direction from that to which NORAD early warning systems are oriented. Indian defence forces also employ the civilian government-owned satellites widely for communications, location accuracy, remote sensing, and meteorology. The Safeguard Program was deployed in the mid-1970s and was based on the Sentinel Program. and aspirants should prepare this topic for General Studies Paper-II. The PAROS Cttee, which meets at the Palais des Nations in Geneva, has been the forum for discussion of these issues since 1985.[16]. View Test Prep - Space Research Centers in India Iasmania - Civil Services Preparation Online ! UPSC & IAS Study Mate from EEE 1000 at Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. The satellites also carry nuclear detonation detectors, which form a major portion of the United States Nuclear Detonation Detection System. Despite the United States' new status in the world, the monopoly of space militarisation is in no way certain. [3] and these concerns were part of the motivation behind pursuing their own Buran programme.[4]. These systems have been used mainly for strategic planning, such as information garnered from reconnaissance, surveillance, and telecommunication satellites. To install click the Add extension button. The treaty included the following principles: In summary, the treaty initiated the banning of signatories' placing of nuclear weapons or any other weapons of mass destruction in orbit of Earth, installing them on the Moon or any other celestial body, or to otherwise station them in outer space. Read Free Legality Of Space Militarization Legality Of Space Militarization Wikibooks is a collection of open-content textbooks, which anyone with expertise can edit – including you. Thus, India has legitimate reasons to develop deterrence for the security of its space-based assets. Mother (or nesting) spacecraft have gone up to ‘deliver’ baby spy satellites in orbit. upsc ias preparatlon Way forward. Headline : Successful anti-satellite missile test puts India in elite club. For more UPSC related preparation materials and articles, visit the links given in the table below: Your Mobile number and Email id will not be published. The emergence of counter-space: A new frontier? There are more than 20,000 objects of debris which are the size of golf balls and those of smaller sizes number hundreds of thousands, totalling close to 6,000 tonnes. Since the ABM treaty only allowed for construction of a single ABM facility to protect either the nation's capital city or an ICBM field, the Stanley R. Mickelsen Safeguard Complex was constructed near Nekoma, North Dakota to protect the Grand Forks ICBM facility. Post Cold War space militarisation seems to revolve around three types of applications. There is a Russian Space Force, which was established on August 10, 1992, and which became an independent section of the Russian military on December 1, 2001. The specially designed gun is capable of firing bullets, shotgun shells, or flares.[8]. Aim: to assess the requisite space and counter-space capabilities that are needed by India to ensure we can protect our national security interests in this final frontier of warfare. India has always held that space must be utilised for peaceful purposes only. It is unclear what its military mission would be. Insights into Editorial: Outer Space Treaty: 50 years later Summary: Space exploration is governed by a complex series of international treaties and agreements which have been in place for years. So, there is a clear need for a legally binding instrument to prevent an arms race and fill existing legal gaps. In the mid-1980s a USAF pilot in an F-15 successfully shot down the P78-1, a communications satellite in a 345-mile (555 km) orbit. As rocket science developed, the range of missiles increased and intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) were created, which could strike virtually any target on Earth in a timeframe measured in minutes rather than hours or days. The first flight of the space shuttle Columbia, carrying a secret military cargo, was a harbinger of the 1980’s becoming the decade of American military exploitation of space. According to this doctrine, Communist leaders were forced to either shift large portions of their GDP to counter SDI, or else watch as their expensive nuclear stockpiles were rendered obsolete. The Commander in Chief of U.S. Space Command (CINCUSSPACECOM), with headquarters at Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado was also the Commander in Chief of the bi-national U.S.-Canadian North American Aerospace Defense Command (CINCNORAD), and for the majority of time during USSPACECOM's existence also the Commander of the U.S. Air Force major command Air Force Space Command. Military. The militarization of space by the USA, even when there has been an international agreement to use space for peaceful purposes, as mentioned above, begs the question "why?" Outer space is the latest avenue where militaries of countries are showing their might. In the 1980s, the militarization of space peaked with the Reagan administration’s multibillion-dollar Strategic Defense Initiative, dubbed Star … Aspirants can check UPSC Notes page for free GS1, GS2, and GS 3 notes. On January 11, 2007, China launched a ballistic missile from Xichang Space Launch Center. WHY IN NEWS. The Russian Space Forces were officially reborn on June 1, 2001 as an independent section of the Russian military. Su, J. As per academic reports, policymakers, and those tracking the military space, for many years now, the space between 600 km and 36,000 km above our planet has been the playground for such clandestine activities. In 1959, a feasibility study of a possible military base on the Moon (Project Horizon) was conducted. The cost of maintaining the system is approximately US$400 million per year, including the replacement of ageing satellites. These UPSC Notes on the Militarisation Of Space happening today are aligned with the UPSC Syllabus and aspirants should prepare this topic for General Studies Paper-II. Symbol Year Title Available languages ST/SPACE/61/Rev.2 2017 International Space Law: As an emerging space power, India is bound to harness its. As time passed the resolution and accuracy of orbital reconnaissance alarmed both sides of the iron curtain. These missiles can be land-based or sea-based, and most proposed programs use a mix of the two. As outer space activities are deeply rooted in the geopolitics down on Earth, the hidden challenge posed by the debris is the militarization of space technologies meant to clean it up. These information-gathering technologies contribute to the strategy of states which possess them and provide logistical support to their troops deployed in operational theatres. The U.S. Military Has Been in Space From the Beginning While the proposed branch of the armed forces may be controversial, the history of the so-called “Space Force” is longstanding. Quite the same Wikipedia. The missile was phased out in January 1983 in compliance with the SALT II treaty. Required fields are marked *, Request OTP on A film was produced by the U.S. Military in the early 1960s called Space and National Security which depicted space warfare. Box 218 Yorktown Heights, NY 10598 (914) 945-2555 (also Adjunct Professor of Physics Columbia University) Presented in Washington at Senate Foreign Relations Committee Hearings on Militarization of Space September 20, 1982 264:MOS 092082.MOS 09/20/82 I am Richard Garwin. Missile defense does not station weapons in space, but is designed to intercept incoming warheads at a very high altitude, which requires the interceptor to travel into space to achieve the intercept. The technology involved in such systems was shaky at best, and deployment was limited by the ABM treaty of 1972. The intent of being in counter-space is hence, espionage and surveillance. India supports the substantive consideration of the issue of Prevention of an Arms Race in Outer Space (PAROS) in the Conference on Disarmament where it has been on the agenda since 1982. IASbaba: TLP 2020, Phase I (ONLINE FREE Initiative) – Daily Mains Answer Writing Programme – SCHEDULE . TLP-IASbaba / TLP - 2018 / Phase 2 / Day 02 / Day 2 – Q 4. the exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all countries and shall be the province of all mankind; outer space shall be free for exploration and use by all States; outer space is not subject to national appropriation by claim of sovereignty, by means of use or occupation, or by any other means; States shall not place nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies or station them in outer space in any other manner; the Moon and other celestial bodies shall be used exclusively for peaceful purposes; Astronauts shall be regarded as the envoys of mankind; States shall be responsible for national space activities whether carried out by governmental or non-governmental activities; States shall be liable for damage caused by their space objects; and. Space warfare is combat that takes place in outer space, i.e. As soon as intercontinental missiles were developed, military planners began programmes and strategies to counter their effectiveness. [citation needed] Proponents of SDI said the strategy of technology would hasten the Soviet Union's downfall. On 16 December 2002, US President George W. Bush signed National Security Presidential Directive which outlined a plan to begin deployment of operational ballistic missile defense systems by 2004. One major problem with the Safeguard Program, and past ABM systems, was that the interceptor missiles, though state-of-the-art, required nuclear warheads to destroy incoming ICBMs. GS (Pre-cum-Main) 2022 Classroom Course; GS (Pre Mains) 2021 Online Course; GS Prelims 2022; Prelims Test Series; UPSC Main 2021 – 2022 Courses . Mains level : Paper 2- Future course of action for Quad. This is not just Trumpian bluster, but US military doctrine going back decades—as outlined by the US Space Command’s 1997 Vision for 2020, which outlines the pursuit of “full spectrum dominance” to maintain overwhelming military superiority in land, air, sea and space.. Such an instrument should have an all-inclusive scope that includes 4 prohibitions: the placement of any weapons, defensive or offensive; armed attacks against satellites or any outer space assets; intentional, harmful interference that interrupts the normal functioning of such assets; and developing, testing and stockpiling weapons designed to attack outer space assets. Taking into account the extreme fragility and volatility of the outer space environment, it must not be permitted to turn into another battlefield or a scene for military conflicts that could have disastrous implications. As the Cold War came to an end with the implosion of the USSR, the space race between the 2 superpowers also subsided. Space militarization is often used to depict the reality that space systems are utilized as a means to achieve military objectives. This command leverages space technology including satellites. Evolution of the Quad. The space arms race is difficult to curb, especially since almost all space technologies have military applications; Way Ahead. For example, a soldier in the battle zone can access satellite imagery of enemy positions two blocks away, and if necessary e-mail the coordinates to a bomber or weapon platform hovering overhead while the commander, hundreds of miles away, watches as the events unfold on a monitor. Thus, India had opposed the US Strategic Defense Initiative programme and other efforts to build ballistic missile defences, let alone deploying ASAT systems. India must lead in forging a treaty to prevent militarization of space. [9] From 1985 to 2002 there was a United States Space Command, which in 2002 merged with the United States Strategic Command. [citation needed] Astronomer Carl Sagan pointed out that in order to defeat SDI, the Soviet Union had only to build more missiles, allowing them to overcome the defence by sheer force of numbers. The projected cost of the program for the years 2004 to 2009 was 53 billion US dollars, making it the largest single line in The Pentagon's budget. As of June 2020, 110 countries are parties to the treaty, while another 23 have signed the treaty but have not completed ratification. The U.S. military has relied on communications, intelligence, navigation, missile warning and weather satellite systems in areas of conflict since the early 1990s, including the Balkans, Southwest Asia and Afghanistan. Future ABMs will likely be more accurate and use hit-to-kill or conventional warheads to knock down incoming warheads. As part of the ongoing initiative to transform the U.S. military, on 26 June 2002, Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld announced that U.S. Space Command would merge with USSTRATCOM. Only a few incidents of space warfare have occurred in world history, and all were training missions, as opposed to actions against real opposing forces. The United States of America was left as the only superpower on Earth with a large concentration of the world's wealth and technological advancement. [2] The intent could be to inspect and assess the target’s nature, eavesdrop on it, or even subvert its functions. However, there is Such visibility of aggressive military Just better. States shall avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies. Space is in the nation’s economic interest. Only three nations have tested ASAT missiles before—the US, Russia (Soviet Union previously),China and India. The Russian Armed Forces were established on 7 May 1992, enabling the creation of Russian Space Forces later that year on 10 August. [17] The administration continued to push the program, but received pushback from multiple fronts. The A-SAT Missile Test, Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, SciTech, Treaties governing Outer Space, upsc . When Mission Shakti happened, the Center for Strategic and International Studies based in Washington, D.C. and the Secure World Foundation came out with reports detailing counter-space capabilities that various nations possess today and their sense of threat to space assets. In 1983, American president Ronald Reagan proposed the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), a space-based system to protect the United States from attack by strategic nuclear missiles. India sees the No First Placement of weapons in outer space as only an interim step and not a substitute for concluding substantive legal measures to ensure the prevention of an arms race in outer space, which should continue to be a priority for the international community. Like other treaties, the Outer Space Treaty allows for amendments or member withdrawal. The International Space Station is in an LEO that varies between 320 km (199 miles) and 400 km (249 miles) above the Earth’s surface. The Columbia landed gracefully at the center of a carefully staged media event on July 4, 1982, at Edwards Air Force Base in California. Space debris in LEO. It uses an intermediate circular orbit (ICO) satellite constellation of at least 24 satellites. With the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War defense spending was reduced and space research was chiefly focused on peaceful research. Note that this treaty does not ban the placement of weapons in space in general, only nuclear weapons and WMD. The new measure of space hegemony lurks in counter-space now, and not so much in planetary excursions and outings by astronauts. Search. Space applications provide innovative tools to improve global healthcare, and the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs helps all countries access this potential. The Outer Space Treaty, formally the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, is a treaty that forms the basis of international space law. The passive militarization of space results in the putting into orbit of satellites for reconnaissance, secure telecommunications, space surveillance and eavesdropping. The Only Dedicated Platform for UPSC Mains Answer Writing. Voice Call. The militarization of space involves the placement and development of weaponry and military technology in outer space. The SALT II treaty (1979) prohibited the deployment of FOBS systems: On May 15, 1987, an Energia rocket flew for the first time. The militarization of space assists armies on the conventional battlefield, whereas via the weaponization of space, outer space itself emerges as the battleground. "There is maybe not a bright bold red line, but a somewhat fuzzy line that has not yet been crossed." In July 1997 the Space Force was dissolved as a separate service arm and incorporated to the Strategic Rocket Forces along with the Space Missile Defense Forces, which previously were part of the Troops of Air Defense. That's it. (2010). Outer space is an environment that has long fascinated mankind, who have, from the dawn of time, tried to interpret its significance for us mortals down below. Though it was only operational as an ABM facility for less than a year, the Perimeter Acquisition Radar (PAR), one of Safeguard's components, was still operational as of 2005. Secondly, some trial-and-error technical failures during development became highly publicized, though from a technical standpoint they were unsurprising and even expected. Anti-satellite technology has so far been in the hands of very few countries: United States, Russia and China. In 2007, the Quad (the United States, Japan, India, and Australia) was an idea whose time had not yet come. Recent Posts. With this test, India became the fourth country after the US, Russia, and China to achieve the feat. For example, a rapid delivery system in which troops are deployed from orbit might be described as "space warfare," even though the military uses the term as described above. Reconnaissance satellites were used by militaries to take accurate pictures of their rivals' military installations. The early exploration of space in the mid-20th century had, in part, a military motivation, as the United States and the Soviet Union used it as an opportunity to demonstrate ballistic-missile technology and other technologies having the potential for military application. As the Cold War ended with the implosion of the Soviet Union the space race between the two superpowers ended. The focus of this article is to give an overview of the weaponisation and militarisation of outer space. presence in space than state actors, and global economic development is tied to the peaceful space capabilities identified. The Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space is the forum for the development of international space law. India already implements many Transparency and Confidence Building Measures (TCBMs) – including registering space objects with the. Thus the USSPACECOM merger into USSTRATCOM. The Department of Defense is currently working to establish a Global Information Grid to connect all military units and branches into a computerised network in order to share information and create a more efficient military. Challenges to India’s Internal Security Since the advent of independence, India is facing various issues related to internal security and. Threats are rapidly growing to U.S. space-based capabilities that are critical for intelligence, banking, communications, transportation, accurate weapons employment, and a host of other areas to name but a few. Since the Sputnik was launched in 1957, more than 8,000 satellites/man-made orbiting objects have been launched, of which about 5,000 remain in orbit; more than half are non-functional. Militancy In Jammu and Kashmir terms are important from Economy perspectives in the UPSC exam. The following day, the US formally requested from the UK and Denmark use of facilities in RAF Fylingdales, England and Thule, Greenland, respectively, as a part of the NMD Program. This programme proved infeasible with the technology from that era. The Committee has concluded five international treaties and five sets of principles on space-related activities. Space exploration is governed by a complex series of international treaties and agreements which have been in place for years. Satellites have sneaked up to high perches to observe, overhear, and sense all that is happening in space and on the ground. Satellites of each of the countries such as Russia, the U.S., and China have been caught loitering in orbit at different times, and the victims have cried foul. To use spy satellites in such a manner is often referred to in treaties as "national technical means of verification". [citation needed] Communication satellites hold this system together by creating an informational grid over the given theatre of operations. [citation needed]. Each year the international commu-nity relies ever … Spy satellites were, and continue to be, used to monitor the dismantling of military assets in accordance with arms control treaties signed between the two superpowers. Satellites are also used by the nuclear states to provide early warning of missile launches, locate nuclear detonations, and detect preparations for otherwise clandestine or surprise nuclear tests (at least those tests or preparations carried out above-ground); this was the case when, in 1998, India and Pakistan both conducted a series of nuclear tests; in addition, a nuclear-detection satellite of the Vela type was also reported to have detected a nuclear detonation in the Indian Ocean in 1978 that was believed to be a South African nuclear test in what was famously called the Vela Incident. India successfully conducted an Anti-Satellite (ASAT) missile test, named Mission Shakti, becoming the fourth country in … Unlike Wikipedia articles, which are essentially lists of facts, Wikibooks is made up of linked chapters that aim to teach the reader about a certain subject. [citation needed], It was revealed[when?][how?][who?] Treaties are agreed to when all parties perceive a benefit from becoming a signatory participant in the treaty. Space militarisation refers to the ecosystem of space systems that are utilised to achieve military objectives. Self-defense against military buildup, invasion, or missile attack is enhanced by surveillance from space. Read more. The drive to place objects in orbit stimulated space research and started the Space Race. India has been taking part in all sessions of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. These tasks are performed on a regular basis both during peacetime and war operations. It does not technically include space-to-ground warfare, where orbital objects attack ground, sea or air targets directly, but the public and media frequently use the term to include any conflict which includes space as a theatre of operations, regardless of the intended target. [5][6][7], As of 2008, it was reported that Russian cosmonauts have regularly carried the TP-82 Cosmonaut survival pistol on Soyuz spacecraft, as part of the emergency landing survival kit. INTERNATIONAL/ SECURITY Topic: General Studies 2: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate. Counter-space capabilities and Space espionage: Aspirants can refer to the UPSC Mains Syllabus at the linked article.
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