Le Parti communiste chinois (PCC) a été fondé dans la discrétion en 1921 à Shanghai par une poignée de militants. [174] Modeled after the Soviet Nomenklatura system, the party committee's organization department at each level has the power to recruit, train, monitor, appoint, and relocate these officials. [231], Communist Party /  People's Republic of China ( Red Army → 8th Route Army, N4A, etc. Il s’agit de construire le « parti de l’excellence ». [151] The Politburo "exercises the functions and powers of the Central Committee when a plenum is not in session". [178], In theory, however, party committees are elected by party congresses at their own level. Le premier congrès a lieu dans le plus grand secret, le 23 juillet 1921 au sein de la concession française de Shanghai dans une maison de briques grises de l'actuel Xintiandi appartenant à Li HanjunLi Hanjun un sympathisant de la première heure. [90] In the Cultural Revolution, party leaders such as Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping, Peng Dehuai, and He Long, were purged or exiled and the power were fallen into the Gang of Four led by Jiang Qing, Mao's wife. [144] The CCP's relationship with other parties is based on the principle of "long-term coexistence and mutual supervision, treating each other with full sincerity and sharing weal or woe. En 1949, pour rejoindre la guérilla des communistes chinois, Phünwang a dû fusionner son Parti communiste tibétain avec le Parti communiste chinois de Mao Zedong à la demande des militaires chinois, et donc abandonner son projet d'un Tibet communiste indépendant auto-gouverné[26]. [32][33] Then they found the KMT, a party founded by Sun Yat-sen, which was leading the Guangzhou government to confront the Northern government. [227], U.S. Toutefois, le Bharatiya Janata Party indien, en 2015, compte plus de 110 millions de membres[20] prenant ainsi la place de plus grand parti du monde. [70] There is a largely separate group of professionalized military officers, serving under top CCP leadership largely through formal relationships within institutional channels. He strengthened the Party by providing a modern understanding of Marxism and socialism—which is why we talk about a 'socialist market economy' with Chinese characteristics. Ainsi en 1989, lors des manifestations de la place Tian'anmen, l'armée intervient après des semaines de négociation, « écrase les manifestants » et met un « terme brutal » aux demandes de libéralisation politique[54]. Toutefois, en 2012, il dit avoir été victime d'une purge politique et indique que la supposée corruption n'était qu'un prétexte. [66] The KMT's successes were hollow; the CCP had tactically withdrawn from the cities, and instead attacked KMT authorities by instigating protests amongst students and intellectuals in the cities (the KMT responded to these events with heavy-handed repression). Mao claimed that the superiority of democratic centralism lay in its internal contradictions, between democracy and centralism, and freedom and discipline. [113] The CCP puts a great deal of effort into the party schools and into crafting its ideological message. Now He Faces Prosecution", "BBC journalist John Sudworth flees China after state harassment campaign", "BBC China correspondent John Sudworth moves to Taiwan after threats", "BBC Correspondent Leaves China, Citing Growing Risks", "Long Island University Announces 71st Annual George Polk Awards In Journalism", "Accountability and Inequality in Single-Party Regimes: A Comparative Analysis of Vietnam and China", "The Communist Party of China and Ideology", "Edging in from the Cold: The Past and Present State of Chinese Intelligence Historiography", "Intra-Party Democracy in China: Should We Take It Seriously? Le PCC dirige la politique en république populaire de Chine à tous les niveaux depuis son accession au pouvoir en 1949. CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (. Then the communists fully supported the KMT. [113] Before the "Practice Is the Sole Criterion for the Truth [zh]" campaign, the relationship between ideology and decision-making was a deductive one, meaning that policy-making was derived from ideological knowledge. La journaliste Laure de Charette, dans un article évoquant le prochain procès du prince rouge Bo Xilai (fils de Bo Yibo, un des 8 immortels du Parti communiste), affirme qu'un audit commandé par les autorités chinoises indiquerait que 20 % du budget de l’État chinois est détourné annuellement. [187] Within the party women face a glass ceiling. The CCP claims its origins in the May Fourth Movement of 1919, during which radical Western ideologies like Marxism and anarchism gained traction among Chinese intellectuals. [170] The theoretical magazines Seeking Truth from Facts and Study Times are published by the Central Party School. Le Parti communiste chinois (chinois simplifié : 中国共产党 ; chinois traditionnel : 中國共産黨 ; pinyin : Zhōngguó Gòngchǎndǎng ; en anglais, Communist Party of China ou CPC) est le parti dirigeant la république populaire de Chine (RPC) depuis 1949, ainsi que de facto le parti unique[17]. [125] Jiang disagreed, and had concluded that attaining the communist mode of production, as formulated by earlier communists, was more complex than had been realized, and that it was useless to try to force a change in the mode of production, as it had to develop naturally, by following the economic laws of history. L'universitaire Stéphanie Balme considère ces « petits partis politiques démocratiques » comme une « pure vitrine de pluralisme institutionnalisé »[59]. [62] The result was increased centralization of power within the party . [179], —Communist Party of China Admission Oath[180], To join the party, an applicant must be approved by the communist party. [180] To become a probationary member, the applicant must take an admission oath before the party flag. Pragmatique, ce fils de paysan s'écarte très vite de la ligne marxiste-léniniste soviétique qui … [218] Before the 1980s, the CCP had a highly negative and dismissive view of social democracy, a view dating back to the Second International and the Marxist–Leninist view on the social democratic movement. [50][53][54] Chiang's army then marched on Wuhan, but was prevented from taking the city by CCP General Ye Ting and his troops. "[192] On 21 September 1966, the CCP General Office issued "Regulations on the Production and Use of the CCP Flag and Emblem", which stated that the emblem and flag were the official symbols and signs of the party. [210] When Wu Guanzheng, a Central Politburo member, met with Fidel Castro in 2007, he gave him a personal letter written by Hu Jintao: "Facts have shown that China and Cuba are trustworthy good friends, good comrades, and good brothers who treat each other with sincerity. "[158] The general secretary serves as the Chairman of the CNSC. En 2015, le parti comptabilisait 87,79 millions d'adhérents et 90 millions à la fin de 2018[18],[19]. [93] While asserting the political power of the Party, the change in policy generated significant economic growth. [114] Under Deng this relationship was turned upside down, with decision-making justifying ideology and not the other way around. This is the only system that can give full expression to democracy with full powers vested in the people's congresses at all levels and, at the same time, guarantee centralized administration with the governments at each level exercising centralized management of all the affairs entrusted to them by the people's congresses at the corresponding level and safeguarding whatever is essential to the democratic life of the people". Officially, the CCP is committed to communism and continues to participate in the International Meeting of Communist and Workers' Parties each year. [62] The party adopted democratic centralism, a way to organize revolutionary parties, and established a Politburo (to function as the standing committee of the Central Committee). Selon l’agence économique Bloomberg LP, les 70 plus riches députés de l’Assemblée populaire, presque tous membres du Parti communiste chinois, possèdent une fortune cumulée de 69,9 milliards d’euros. Tchang Kaï-chek fuit vers l'île de Taïwan où il refonde la république de Chine à Taïwan en décembre. [203] In recent years, noting the self-reform of the European social democratic movement in the 1980s and 1990s, the CCP "has noted the increased marginalization of West European communist parties. According to official statements by the CCP, the concept integrates "Marxism with the reality of contemporary China and with the underlying features of our times, and it fully embodies the Marxist worldview on and methodology for development. La structure du parti a été partiellement détruite pendant la Révolution culturelle[34] et remplacée par l'Armée populaire de libération. L'issue de la guerre civile entre le Kuomintang et le PCC est une victoire communiste, avec la proclamation le 1er octobre 1949 de la république populaire de Chine. When the National Congress is not in session, the Central Committee is the highest body, but since the body meets normally only once a year most duties and responsibilities are vested in the Politburo and its Standing Committee, members of the latter seen as the top leadership of the Party and the State. [104] Xi's leadership has also overseen an increase in the Party's role in China. But the 100-year horizon comes from serious political theorists". [160] The CCP currently has four main central departments: the Organization Department, responsible for overseeing provincial appointments and vetting cadres for future appointments,[161] the Publicity Department (formerly "Propaganda Department"), which oversees the media and formulates the party line to the media,[162][163] the International Department, functioning as the party's "foreign affairs ministry" with other parties,[164] and the United Front Work Department, which oversees work with the country's non-communist parties, mass organizations, and influence groups outside of the country. [152] The PSC is the party's highest decision-making institution when the Politburo, the Central Committee and the National Congress are not in session. Li Jianguo a intégré le Politburo en novembre 2012. [176] A Standing Committee exercises the duties and responsibilities of the corresponding Party Committee when it is not in session. [22] In contrast to Chen, Li did not renounce participation in the affairs of the Republic of China. [67] In the meantime, the KMT was struggling with factional infighting and Chiang Kai-shek's autocratic control over the party, which weakened the KMT's ability to respond to attacks. L'avocat Pu Zhiqiang, avant son arrestation en mai 2014, est intervenu dans la défense de membres du Parti communiste ayant subi des tortures dans le cadre d'enquêtes sur des allégations de corruption[100]. [74] He had not proposed that other parties should be led before,[75] although the CCP had actually controlled the most political power since 1949. This formally independent internal control institution conducts shuanggui on members accused of "disciplinary violations", a charge which generally refers to political corruption. [119] According to Robert Lawrence Kuhn, a China analyst, "When I first heard this rationale, I thought it more comic than clever—a wry caricature of hack propagandists leaked by intellectual cynics. En 1951, la campagne des trois-anti s'ouvre après avoir été mise en pratique en Mandchourie par Gao Gang. "[119] Some have dismissed the concept of a primary stage of socialism as intellectual cynicism. [106] As has been speculated, Xi Jinping may not retire from his top posts after serving for 10 years in 2022. En matière de contrôle et de violence envers l’Église catholique de Chine , le gouvernement n’en est pas à son coup d’essai. [148] The CCDI is responsible for supervising party's internal anti-corruption and ethics system. Although "socialism with Chinese characteristics" may have evolved into something quite different from the communism Mao envisioned », parti politique au pouvoir en République populaire de Chine. [195] In 2014 Xi Jinping, the CCP general secretary, personally met with Gennady Zyuganov, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF), to discuss party-to-party relations. [55] Chiang's allies also attacked communists; in Beijing, Li Dazhao and 19 other leading communists were executed by Zhang Zuolin, while in Changsha, He Jian's forces machine gunned hundreds of peasant militiamen. [220] The CCP concluded that both parties were re-elected because they modernized, replacing traditional state socialist tenets with new ones supporting privatization, shedding the belief in big government, conceiving a new view of the welfare state, changing their negative views of the market and moving from their traditional support base of trade unions to entrepreneurs, the young and students.[221]. [91] Deng won the struggle, and became the "paramount leader" in 1978. [62] The Comintern became involved, and by late 1930, his powers had been taken away. À la suite de la mort de Lin Biao en 1971, l'APL perd peu à peu son pouvoir au profit du PCC. [192] On 28 April 1942, the Central Politburo decreed the establishment of a sole official flag. Merci. [137] Despite this, in a paradoxical relation, members of a body are ranked hierarchically (despite the fact that members are in theory equal to one another). Le Parti communiste chinois est un parti qui dirige une grande lutte révolutionnaire dans une immense nation de plusieurs centaines de millions d’hommes. [19] The party's leader recently holds the offices of general secretary (responsible for civilian party duties), Chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) (responsible for military affairs) and State President (a largely ceremonial position). Selon Zhu Lijia, professeur de l'Académie des sciences politiques, « jusqu'à preuve du contraire, cette campagne n'est rien d'autre à mes yeux qu'une opération de relations publiques »[93]. En 2013, selon un rapport de l'Institut Hurun, l'Assemblée nationale populaire compterait dans ses rangs 83 délégués milliardaires, dont Zong Qinghou, l'homme d'affaires le plus riche de Chine[55]. [136], Collective leadership, the idea that decisions will be taken through consensus, is the ideal in the CCP. Selected Works of Jiang Zemin, Eng. », « En Chine, Hu dénonce la corruption en ouverture du congrès », « Lutte contre la corruption et batailles politiques », « Tiananmen : l'ancien maire de Pékin fait son mea culpa », « L'ex-patron du PC de Shanghaï condamné à 18 ans de prison », « Fils de princes, affaires et corruption », « La femme de Bo Xilai a été condamnée à la peine de mort avec sursis », « Chine : peine de mort avec sursis pour Gu Kailai », « Prince rouge déchu, Bo Xilai finira ses jours derrière les barreaux », « Xi Jinping promet de « battre les tigres » », « Le nouveau président chinois Xi Jinping rompt avec l'ancien style », « Soupçons de corruption sur un dirigeant chinois », En Chine, le très puissant Zhou Yongkang tombe pour corruption, « Accused Chinese Party Members Face Harsh Disciplin », « L'avocat Pu Zhiqiang en croisade contre les abus de la lutte anticorruption », « Beijing-based newspaper Global Times launches English edition », Enquête sur la chaîne CGTN, la voix du régime chinois sur les écrans français. CCP members grew tremendously after the 4th congress, from 900 to 2,428 in year 1925. Selon la « version officielle » Gao Gang se suicide en août 1954[44]. [150] The first plenary session of a newly elected central committee elects the general secretary of the Central Committee, the party's leader; the Central Military Commission (CMC); the Politburo; the Politburo Standing Committee (PSC); and since 2013, the Central National Security Commission (CNSC). » Ou encore « la relation entre le parti et les médias est celle du dirigeant et du dirigé »[64]. [18][21], The founding National Congress of the CCP was held on 23–31 July 1921. Ce « Document numéro 9 » permet à Xi Jinping de stopper, aussi bien au sein du Parti communiste que dans la société chinoise, les velléités de promouvoir une libéralisation du système politique[67]. En 2002, le nouveau secrétaire général Hu Jintao déclare « Si on ne lutte pas contre la corruption, les liens de chair et de sang entre le Parti et le peuple en souffriront beaucoup, et le Parti risquera de perdre son pouvoir ou même d'aller à l'autodestruction »[81]. This pandemic could have been prevented if the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) did not lie. Pour l'universitaire Barthélemy Courmont, la corruption a toujours touché l’administration centralisée chinoise, certains responsables locaux profitant de l’éloignement géographique pour « se sentir hors de tout soupçon ». Pendant ses premières années d'existence, le PCC est soutenu par l'Internationale communiste et allié avec le Kuomintang de Sun Yat-sen. À la mort de Sun Yat-Sen en 1925, Tchang Kaï-chek, nouveau chef du Kuomintang, se retourne contre son ancien allié. [96] The concepts of "socialism with Chinese characteristics" and "the primary stage of socialism" were credited to the theory. En novembre 2012, le congrès désigne Xi Jinping comme secrétaire général du Parti communiste chinois[36],[37]. Son but était un Tibet indépendant unifié, et la transformation fondamentale de sa structure sociale féodale. [37][note 3] Sun eased the conflict between the communists and their opponents. [141], Shuanggui is an intra-party disciplinary process conducted by the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (CCDI). [57] That May, tens of thousands of communists and their sympathizers were killed by nationalists, with the CCP losing approximately 15,000 of its 25,000 members. [176] During its tenure, a Party Committee shall "carry out the directives of the next higher Party organizations and the resolutions of the Party congresses at the corresponding levels. [134] They insist that socialism, on the basis of historical materialism, will eventually triumph over capitalism. [218] Despite this, the CCP reached an agreement in 2013 with the United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV), which was founded by Chávez, for the CCP to educate PSUV cadres in political and social fields. Elle fonctionne par clan familial. Ce mouvement d'éradication qui se concrétise par des emprisonnements et des exécutions se prolonge jusqu'en avril 1952. The CCP headed the Central People's Government. »[56]. [142] Democracy in any form, the CCP claims, needs centralism, since without centralism there will be no order. [17][18] The party grew quickly, and by 1949 it had driven the Kuomintang (KMT)'s Nationalist Government from mainland China to Taiwan after the Chinese Civil War, leading to the establishment of the People's Republic of China on 1 October 1949. Ce groupe d’étudiants était des orthodoxes de la politique marxisme-léninisme. With the democratization in Taiwan, ROC President Lee Teng-hui declared the end of the Mobilization for Suppression of Communist Rebellion as of 1 May 1991. [216] However, several studies have been written on the KMT's loss of power in 2000 after having ruled Taiwan since 1949 (the KMT officially ruled mainland China from 1928 to 1949). [101][102] C'est le début de la guerre civile chinoise. This value is similar to the social security and employment expenditure of the whole town—RMB 1,683,064.90. En particulier des membres des familles du secrétaire général Xi Jinping, de l'ancien Premier ministre Wen Jiabao, de Deng Xiaoping, de l'ancien Premier ministre Li Peng, de l'ancien secrétaire général Hu Jintao, de Peng Zhen (un des huit immortels du Parti communiste chinois) mais aussi de grands responsables économiques comme Ma Huateng, Yang Huiyan, Huang Guangyu, Wei Jianghong (en), Zhang Xin[57]. "[176] The local Standing Committee (analogous to the Central Politburo) is elected at the first plenum of the corresponding Party Committee after the local party congress. Through these posts, the party leader is the country's paramount leader. [155] The Secretariat is the top implementation body of the Central Committee, and can make decisions within the policy framework established by the Politburo; it is also responsible for supervising the work of organizations that report directly into the Central Committee, for example departments, commissions, publications, and so on. [209] For instance, in 2006 the CCP invited the WPK general secretary Kim Jong-il to Guangdong province to showcase the success economic reforms have brought China. Le parti fut dirigé de fait par Mao Zedong à partir de 1935[33], et officiellement à partir de son VIIe congrès le 23 avril 1945. [144] All the parties in the United Front support China's road to socialism, and hold steadfast to the leadership of the CCP. La police française étant sur le point d’intervenir, la réunion dû être interrompue en catastrophe. La proportion des diplômés du supérieur n'est pas indiquée[31]. En 1939, 10 ans avant la prise de pouvoir du Parti communiste chinois de Mao Zedong en Chine, Phuntsok Wangyal a fondé le Parti communiste tibétain alors qu’il était encore à l'école dans le Xikang, province orientale du plateau du Tibet. L’histoire de la Chine impériale oscille entre un pouvoir central se renforçant et une population n’hésitant pas à se soulever quand les responsables étaient jugés illégitimes[71]. "Xi Jinping is making great attempts to 'Sinicize' Marxist–Leninist Thought 'with Chinese characteristics' in the political sphere," states Lutgard Lams, "Examining Strategic Narratives in Chinese Official Discourse under Xi Jinping" Journal of Chinese Political Science (2018) volume 23, pp. Lors de son procès qui se tient en août 2013[89], Bo est condamné à la prison à vie[90]. Les enfants de communistes ont une place assurée dans le Parti. La commission militaire centrale était à l'origine le comité militaire du Parti communiste, constitué en 1925. Celle-ci doit permettre aux Chinois de comprendre la « nature du rêve chinois, d'inspirer son amour du Parti, du pays et du socialisme, et de réunir le grand élan du renouveau national ». [66] By 1945, the KMT had three-times more soldiers under its command than the CCP and initially appeared to be prevailing. Xi Jinping, fut le patron du Parti communiste à Shanghai[50]. [139] Before Jiang Zemin's tenure as paramount leader, the party core and collective leadership were indistinguishable. [37] When KMT leader Sun Yat-sen died in March 1925, he was succeeded by a rightist, Chiang Kai-shek, who initiated moves to marginalize the position of the communists. [144] These consultations contribute, at least in theory, to the formation of the country's basic policy in the fields of political, economic, cultural and social affairs. "[144] This process is institutionalized in the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). Since taking power, Xi has initiated a wide-reaching anti-corruption campaign, while centralizing powers in the office of CCP general secretary at the expense of the collective leadership of prior decades. In official party documentation and pronouncements by Xi's colleagues, the thought is said to be a continuation of previous party ideologies as part of a series of guiding ideologies that embody "Marxism adapted to Chinese conditions" and contemporary considerations. [173] Party committees exist inside of companies, both private and state-owned. [105] Xi has added his ideology, named after himself, into the CCP constitution in 2017. The Chinese Communist Party is not very communist any more. [19][178] The Party secretary at each level is more senior than that of the leader of the government, with the CCP standing committee being the main source of power. [176] Therefore, in a peculiar situation, CYL bodies are both responsible to higher bodies within CYL and the CCP, a distinct organization. Dès 1995, l'ancien maire de Pékin, Chen Xitong, est condamné à seize ans de prison pour corruption. Des chiffres hallucinants qui n’attestent pas moins le parcours digne d’éloge du PCC, le plus grand parti politique du monde. examining the report of the outgoing Central Committee; examining the report of the outgoing CCDI; discussing and enacting party policies; and, This page was last edited on 6 May 2021, at 18:52. [70], Stalin proposed a one-party constitution when Liu Shaoqi visited the Soviet Union in 1952.
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